In order to comprehend the content of Hadith, there is a need for a right method which is named ‎‎"Fiqh al-Hadith". To ‎obtain the meaning of the text of Hadith without this kind of the science ‎would lead to mistake and misguidance. To avoid this risk ‎there were formed many endeavors by ‎Muslim learned men to attain a proper understanding of Quran and Hadith that the science ‎of ‎Usul Fiqh was a sample.Many of the great figures of Hadith in their comments on Hadith ‎collections have used of methods and ‎rules that may help us in knowing method, criteria and ‎grounds of Comprehending Hadith. One of these works is a book by the name ‎of Al-Favaid Al-‎Toosiah by Shaikh Horr Ameli. This book due to the position of the writer and its explaining the ‎difficult narratives has ‎a main significance and in it we may find many important points and ‎subtleties and also the solutions for different objections and ‎fallacies not mentioned in other ‎books.In this paper we have tried to articulate the grounds of Shaikh Horr in understanding ‎Hadith ‎with an analytical-descriptive method. Some of these grounds are as follows: to posit the ‎text, to assure about the authentication of ‎Hadith, removing the uncertainty in Hadith, to form a ‎family group for Hadith, to know the words used in Hadith, knowing the causes ‎and conditions ‎of the issue of Hadith, considering the context of Hadith, to know the message of the proverbs ‎used in Hadith, to ‎solve the conflicts in Hadiths, and observing the Quran and other narratives ‎and etc.

It is believed that architectural education is depended on numerous parameters which are necessary to be recognized. In the process of architectural education, Comprehending the design problem is a critical stage especially for the novice designers, giving them necessary first insight to start problem solving during the design process. This paper is going to investigate the most important parameters affecting on Comprehending the design problem in the initial stages of design process in schools of architecture. The importance of these parameters is to facilitate Comprehending the design problem which is in turn, affecting the process of problem solving and making the necessary first insight for the beginners. This paper takes a specific approach to clarify the most important parameters such as explanation the design problem by teacher, observing and seeking the similar examples, student-teacher interactions, student-student interactions, investigating the different aspects of the design problem, performing initial short term designing and other important criteria and access their importance during initial stages of problem solving. In this research the main focus is considered during the initial sessions of explaining the design problem and the results are expected to introduce and offer effective approaches for the design problem to be comprehended properly. Furthermore, the target population is the students educating architecture in the first or second years of education in schools of architecture. The importance of this period of education is that the main personality of a designer is made in this critical time in direct relationship to what she/he experiences. The survey population is in related to target population concluding 40 students considered from two different schools of architecture, but in similar program. In brief, the research concludes four main stages: First, the design process is considered as innovative problem-solving based on related theories and its specific aspects are reviewed. Second, in an initial stage, the most effective parameters are going to be clarified and divided in two main groups as: obvious parameters and none-obvious parameters. It should be considered that the mentioned clarification is performed based on a pre-research stage in which initial interviewing with professional designers and teachers made the main problem to be clear. In third stage, the main analysis of parameters is done by considering and studying two main groups of students from two different schools. In this stage the results of analysis are shown in the related tables. The last stage concludes examination of the results by considering another group of students during a semester and based on this stage, main results are derived. Finally based on the results of this research, three main approaches are recognized for design problem to be explained so that facilitate Comprehending it and prepare proper conditions for the problem solving process to begin. They are summarized as: Brain storming, Observation and Studying similar examples and Carrying on initial short term designing/sketching sessions related to the main subject. It should be considered that the mentioned approaches can be applied parallel during explanation of the design problem. 

Symbolic messages received from the remarks of Imam Hussain (AS) or the rich culture relevant to his rising are known as Ashura mottoes/slogans. These mottoes are seen in works on history, battles, and the biographies of Imams (AS). However, their bases and varieties have not been yet carefully studied through scientific methods. Since reliable mottoes in the historical accounts of Ashura are intertwined with unreliable ones, it is necessary to know their various types and their assessment towards further individual and social application. Indeed, study of the rising and development of Ashura mottoes indicates that a number of these mottoes have political, mystical or moral bases. Amongst religious works Ashura mottoes have the closest tie with Hadith and the utmost capacity to be assessed based on definite criteria established in Hadith studies. Applying the principles of Hadith disciplines, therefore, one may recognize the authenticity of such accounts. Accordingly, these mottoes may be classified as follow: 1. Mottoes in which transmission has occurred correctly in terms of words and meanings, and hence in terms of their attribution to Imam Hussain (AS). They are considered as authentic Hadiths. 2. Mottoes which there are evidences for their being paraphrased although maintaining their Hadith nature. 3. Mottoes not paraphrased but supported by authentic Hadiths. 4. Mottoes which are fabricated, and it is not correct to recognize them as originating from the Infallibles (AS), due to their broad or general address, and certain wrong readings from them.

Introduction: The processing of metaphors in comparison with literal sentences has attracted many scholars from various fields, including linguistics, psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. The present research, aimed to investigate the processing of literal sentences and metaphors (conventional and novel) in Persian language. Methods: A reaction time task used to determine how literal sentences and metaphors are processed. For this purpose, four hundred sentences sentences in four types of expression: conventional and novel metaphors, anomalous, and literal sentences (each contains one sentences) were constructed. Reading the sentences, subjects were asked to determine the Comprehending amount of meaning of the sentences (from 0 to 3) by pressing the corresponding key on the keyboard. The answers were recorded by EEGLAB. The reaction time data were analyzed using repeated measurement (ANOVA) and the pairwise comparison method in four expressions. Results: The pair-wise comparison of the response time showed that literal sentences faster than conventional metaphors and conventional metaphors faster than novel metaphors are processed. Conclusion: According to the obtained findings, it can be concluded that different mechanisms are involved in the processing of literal sentences and metaphors. Conventional and novel metaphors can be processed through a continuum of a single mechanism like conceptual mapping. In this mechanism, novel metaphors through analogy and conventional metaphors through categorization are understood. The processing of literal sentences, conventional and novel metaphors can also be explained through a continuum of saliency and expectancy.

We humans are always affected by the products of our own knowledge and old or new culture and a complete release from them occurs very rarely, however, this mental affectedness shall not influence the comprehension of Quran verses and narratives or disturb their purity. Pure and genuine comprehension of religious texts, especially Quran, is possible but difficult and clarifying the mind from presuppositions and presumptions is a necessary condition for attainmg to such a pure comprehension. But after setting the prophecy sun, some social-political dissensions triggered as well as the conflicts and discords in the field of religious interpretation by some sects and schools. Religion and the divine book were interpreted differently and different and sometimes opposing thoughts occurred among the Islamic society. One of these ideologies is the superficial interpretation and neglecting the reason and field of exegesis of divine law 111 encountering Quran. Of course the purfose of this essay is to consider the superficial interpretation sects of "Sunnites" which are insisting on these kinds of beliefs more than others. The writer of this article is going to investigate the forming causality of these ideological attitudes as well as state, criticize and study the roots of this impure ideology with a descriptive-analytical method as far as possible. The conclusion of this research is that paying attention superficially alone to Quran verses, that this is employed bv this ideology, IS not adequate for Comprehending and finding the reasons and purposes of Quran verses but considering the reason with regard to the interpretations of the innocents (peace be upon them) is a necessary and unavoidable matter in Comprehending Quran correctly.

This study intended to present a pattern for Comprehending the cost of misbehaviors of staffs in banks’ branches, by qualitative Approach and grounded theory. The population of this study was the staffs and managers of bank branches in Ilam city. By applying purposeful model of sampling, 40 person were selected from total population. Semi-structured interview and profound interview were used to collect data from the participants. For assessing the quality of the data, different methods were used, such as participatory research, triangulation, and the review process. Qualitative approaches were used for analyzing the data. The findings of this study showed that misbehavior of staffs in the proposed pattern have the following dimensions: Time theft, ethical issues, discrimination, and work issues. The causes of this pattern are factors, such as customer behavior, individual factors, internal organization, and outsourcing factors. In addition, the environmental factors of this pattern are demographic factors, socio-cultural conditions, and the bank's requirements. This study suggested some strategies for reducing misbehaviors in banks, including: Health factors, redesigning, motivation, empowerment, and human resources management. According to this pattern, the costs of the misbehaviors of staffs have to do with the cost to the organization, the perpetrator, colleagues, customers, and ultimately the entire community.

The tradition of “’Iʻrifū Allāh bi Allāh” is a difficult (mushkil) Hadith that has been considered by philosophers, mystics, and Hadith scholars. Some tried to draw the meaning and impact of this narration in the system of Islamic knowledge by using sanad criticisms, while some by explaining and interpreting Hadith with different approaches. Accepting the apparent meaning of this Hadith requires circle and chain, and as it appears from logical and philosophical findings, circle and chain are vicious and invalid. Therefore, this Hadith is a difficult one. This study, using the library method of collecting data, extracting the narrative, and presenting it to other texts, concludes that the existence of the difference between the versions of Kulainī and Sadūq of Mahāsin, with the existing version of Mahāsin al-Barqī and the changes occurred in the sanads, shows the complexity of the sanad. It shows also the ambiguity of the content and makes scholars provide a solution to solve the content and sanad problems of this Hadith. Unlike similar studies, this research does not explain the opinions of philosophers and mystics but tries to provide a solution from the perspective of Hadith knowledge. Traditionists present six meanings of the Hadith to reduce its difficulty. However, looking at the concept of Hadith through traditions of the same family and the same topic and presenting the text of the Hadith to other Hadiths, are a key to better understanding the Hadith, and the criticism and review of the views raised in the explanation of this narration. Presenting and preferring the theory of negative and retributive theology and knowing God according to the negation of attributes, is one of the other achievements of this study, with the approach of explaining Hadiths by other Hadiths.

The present study aimed at highlighting the possible effects of age, proficiency level, and the structural composition of Garden-Path (GP) sentences on EFL learners' comprehension. 80 Iranian EFL learners were recruited from the initial pool of 114 participants based on the results of an English proficiency test; 40 advanced, and 40 intermediate learners were selected. Moreover, two age-groups of teenagers and adults were specified based on the study's necessities. In order to determine the accuracy and also the time needed for comprehension of GP sentences, a software application was designed, which provided learners with a set of GP and non-GP sentences and depicted the elapsed time for each participant to show the correct understanding of the presented sentences on the screen. As statistical analyses revealed, the participants, apart from age and proficiency levels, had less difficulty in Comprehending non-GP items. It was also concluded that different types of GP sentences imposed different degrees of difficulty for the participants to comprehend. Furthermore, "proficiency level, " unlike "age, " was found to be a determining factor for the comprehension of GP sentences for Iranian EFL learners.

Literature and cinema, as the outermost layers of reflecting and producing social values, are not disentangled from each other. Comparative literature, as a reading strategy, compares and contrasts different readers’ comprehension of the given works in different contexts. The reader might ask himself a sequence of questions whenever he is exposed to a work, including ‘why has he chosen this particular text? ’, ‘what factors have led to his current identity formation? ’, ‘How has he managed to access this work? ’ and, in sum, ‘how do all these factors affect his reading of the given wok? ’ What is of prime importance to this research is not merely the historical and geographical situation of the production of the text,rather, it tries to assess these factors in different socio-cultural contexts with respect to the readers. Unfortunately, in the past few decades, the main attention in comparative literature has been paid to either the texts or the authors, ignoring the much more important stance of the reader. In the new era, different readers’ need-assessment alongside the creation of universalized works can be the only solution for the attraction of readers and the survival of literature and cinema.